This creates game.exe, which has love.exe and my .love file combined. Is it possible to pull the .love file back out? If so, is there any way to prevent the copying of source code?
Let me get this straight.
I am not too familiar with copyright, but if I simply put a link to that CC license in a .TXT file or similar, is my work immediately protected by it?
In most parts of the world, you own the copyright to your game as soon as you distribute it, even if you don't distribute it with an explicit license. As far as extracting your code/images/sounds, people have limited rights under fair use. If someone outright steals your work and tries to pass it off as original, the law is on your side.
Still, I hope you aren't planning on suing anytime soon. Piracy is a social issue, not a technological one.
The CC licenses just detail specific the usage rights for people besides you. They grant 3rd parties other rights beyond those granted by basic "Copyright (c) 2012 John Q. Public. All rights reserved" boilerplate.
ALL CREATURE WILL DIE AND ALL THE THINGS WILL BE BROKEN. THAT'S THE LAW OF SAMURAI.